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Terms |
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Joint Pub 3-13:
Computer
Network Attack
Information
Operations
Offensive
IO
Defensive
IO
Information
Assurance
Information
Warfare
Information
Data
Computer
Network Attack (CNA)
(DOD) Operations to disrupt, deny, degrade,
or destroy information resident in computers
and computer networks, or the computers and
networks themselves. Electronic attack (EA)
can be used against a computer, but it is not
computer network attack (CNA). CNA relies on
the data stream to execute the attack while
EA relies on the electromagnetic spectrum.
An example of the two operations is the following:
sending a code or instruction to a central
processing unit that causes the computer to
short out the power supply is CNA. Using an
electromagnetic pulse device to destroy a computer's
electronics and causing the same result is
EA. Also called CNA. See also computer network
defense; electronic attack; offensive information
operations. (Source DTIC)
Information Operations (IO) - Actions taken
to affect adversary information and information
systems while defending one's own information
and information systems.
Offensive Information Operations - Involve
the integrated use of assigned and supporting
capabilities and activities, mutually supported
by intelligence, to affect adversary decision
makers to achieve or promote specific objectives
Defensive Information Operations - Integrate
and coordinate policies and procedures, operations,
personnel, and technology to protect and defend
information systems. Defensive IO ensure timely,
accurate, and relevant information access while
denying adversaries the opportunity to exploit
friendly information systems for their own purpose.
Information Assurance (IA) - Information
Operations that protect and defend information
and information systems by ensuring their availability,
integrity, authenticity, confidentiality, and
non-repudiation. This includes providing for
restoration of information systems by incorporating
protection, detection, and reaction capabilities.
Information Warfare (IW) - Information
Operations conducted during time of crises or
conflict to achieve or promote specific objectives
over a specific adversary or adversaries.
Information - The meaning that a human
assigns to data by means of the known conventions
used in their representation. It is facts, data,
or instructions in any medium or form.
Data - A representation of facts, concepts,
or instructions in a formalized manner suitable
for communications, interpretations, or processing
by humans or by automatic means. It is any representation
such as characters or analog quantities to which
meaning is, or might be assigned. (Joint Pub
1-02)
Definition
of Information Warfare from Wikipedia
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Joint
Task Force - Computer Network Operations Factsheet
Joint Information Operations Center Fact Sheet |
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Essential Documents |
Articles |Links
Information
is the currency of victory on the battlefield.
GEN
Gordon Sullivan, CSA (1993)
Definition of Information Operations:
'The integrated employment of the core capabilities
of electronic warfare [EW], computer network operations
[CNO], psychological operations [PSYOP], military deception,
and operations security [OPSEC], with specified supporting
and related capabilities to influence, disrupt, corrupt,
or usurp adversarial human and automated decisionmaking
while protecting our own.'
DOD Information Operations Roadmap, 30. October 2003
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Essential Documents |
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Documents
 Information Operations Primer [1.9 MB], US Army War College, November 2006
JP 3-13: Joint Doctrine for Information Operations [2.4MB], published in February 2006 (JP 3-13: Joint Doctrine for Information Operations [1652K] published in October 1998)
The
Official US Air Force Doctrine Document 2-5: Information
Operations published in January 2005
[Version January 2002, version
August 1998]
DOD Information Operations Roadmap [2.4MB], 30. October 2003, posted January 2006 (courtesy of the National Security Archive)
Field
Manual (FM) 3-13: Information Operations: Doctrine,
Tactics,
Techniques, and
Procedures, [7
MB] Headquarters,
Department of the Army, 28 November 2003 (This
publication supersedes FM 100-6, 27 August 1996)
Information
Operations Interview with Dr. Dan Kuehl from
the National Defense University, Infocon
Magazine Issue One, October 2003
Joint
IO Planning Handbook [3.9MB],
Joint
Command, Control and Information Warfare School
Joint Forces Staff College, NDU July 2003 [Old
version July 2002]
Information
Operations: The Hard Reality of Soft Power, Joint
Command, Control and Information Warfare School
Joint Forces Staff College, NDU, 2002
A
Concept for Information Operations,
US Marine Corps, Marine Corps Combat Development
Command,
Quantico, Virginia 22134-5001, April 2002
Directive
Number 3600.1 - Revision One, Department of Defense,
, Information
Operations, ASD(C3I), October 2001
Chapter
11 Information Superiority - Field Manual
No. FM 3-0, Headquarters Department of the
Army,
June 2001
Protecting
the Homeland - Report of the Defense Science Board
Task Force on Defensive Information Operations
2000 Summer Study Volume II [1.2 MB] The Defense
Science Board Task Force on Defensive Information
Operations Related concludes that the United States
cannot today defend itself from an information
operations attack by a sophisticated nation-state
adversary. They also state that the vulnerability
of the United States is greater than in 1996 and
that more than 20 countries have or are developing
computer attack capabilities [published March
2001].
MCWP
3-36 Information Operations, U.S. Marine Corps
Coordinating Draft, February 2001
Information
Warfare and International Law [Legal Aspects
Chapter] by Lawrence T. Greenberg, Seymour E.
Goodman and Kevin J. Soo Hoo [National Defense
University Press]
Joint
Doctrine for Electronic Warfare
Joint Publication 3-51,
7 April 2000
US Army Field
Manual 100-6 on Information Operations published
in August 1996 by the US Army Command and General
Staff College
Information
Warfare Delphi: Raw Results
by Roger Dean Thrasher, Naval Postgraduate School,
June 1996
What
is Information Warfare? Martin Libicki National
Defense University ACIS Paper 3 which was published
in August 1995.
TRADOC
Pamphlet 525-69: Military Operations Concept for
Information Operations, Department
of the Army Headquarters, United States Army Training
and Doctrine Command Fort Monroe, 1
August 1995
OPNAV
3430.26, [1.8 MB] US Navy implementing instructions
for Information Warfare/Command and Control Warfare(IW/C2W),
1/18/95
OPNAV
3430.25, Information Warfare and Command and
Control Warfare, 4/1/94
Information
Operations Courses
USAF:
Information Warfare Applications Course (IWAC)
(requires Macromedia's Shockwave/Flash Player)
- the objective of IWAC is to provide students
with a broad understanding of information operations.
See also
USAF: Information Warfare Applications Course
(IWAC) Class Information
Information
Warfare - this tutorial provides an introduction
to Information Warfare. While exploring, consider
the consequences for modern armies that depend
upon advanced communications systems that may
not be superior to the technological threat of
an otherwise mediocre combat force. Army Management
Staff College
Information
Warfare Tutorial is a condensation of material
presented through an advanced course dedicated
to the subject of Information Warfare and offered
by the US Army War College in 1997.
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| Articles |
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General
Articles
Testimony
on the Report of the Commission to Assess the Threat
to the United States from Electromagnetic
Pulse (EMP) Attack, House Armed Services Committee,
July 2004
Information
Operations in Iraq by
Major Norman Emery, U.S. Army, Military Review May-June
2004 English Edition
Information
Operations in Support of Special Operations by
Lieutenant Colonel Bradley Bloom, U.S. Army, Military
Review, January-February 2004
Measuring
'Digital Wars': Learning From The Experience of
Peace Research and Arms Control by Giampiero
Giacomello, Department of Political Science, University
of Bologna, Italy, Infocon Magazine Issue One, October
2003
CALL
- Information Operations Lessons Learned, Center
for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) 2003 - December
1996
JFSC
JCIWS IW Divison - IO Timeline
Joint
Task Force - Computer Network Operations (JTF-CNO)
Fact File, February 2003
Information
Operations by
LTC Peter L. Burnett Jr.,
Strategy Research Project, April 2002
Information
Operations and Asymmetric Warfare…Are We
Ready?
by LTC LaWarren V. Patterson, Strategy Research
Project, April 2002
The
Joint Reserve Component Virtual Information Operations
Organization (JRVIO); Cyber Warriors Just a Click
Away by Peter
S, Duklis, Jr., Strategy Research Project,
April 2002
Information
Operations: Computer Network Attack in the 21st
Century by Williamson, Jennie
M.; Army War College
Chinese
Information Warfare: A Phantom Menace or Emerging
Threat? by Mr. Toshi Yoshihara (November 2001).
As a step to clarify the future direction of Chinese
information warfare (IW) and to identify new areas
for further research, this monograph explores Chinese
perspectives of IW through a sampling of the burgeoning
open literature circulating in China. The author
provides a preliminary assessment of these Chinese
writings and analysis, and demonstrates some linkages
and parallels to America's current debates on IW,
the Soviet-U.S. competition, Clausewitz's classic
dictums, and Chinese strategic culture. He concludes
with implications of future developments in Chinese
IW for American policy.
The
Ethics of Computer Network Attack by William
J. Bayles, From
Parameters, Spring 2001, pp. 44-58.
Understanding
Information Age Warfare [6 MB] by David S. Alberts,
John J. Garstka, Richard E. Hayes and David A. Signori
- August 2001
Information
Operations published by the Canadian Security
Intelligence Service (CSIS) July 17, 2001
Cyberwarfare, CRS Report for Congress Updated
June 19, 2001
Wielding
the Cyber Sword: Exploiting the Power of Information
Operations by Randal A. Dragon, Strategy Research
Project, March 2001
Information
Warfare: Time to Prepare Reprinted with permission
from ISSUES
IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY , Berkowitz, "Information
Warfare: Time to Prepare' Winter 2000-01, pp 37-44.
Copyright 2000 by the University of Texas at Dallas,
Richardson, TX
Information
Superiority and the Future of DoD: Opportunities,
Risks, and Challenges
[168 slides]
by Dr. David S. Alberts
Like Adding
Wings to the Tiger: Chinese Information War Theory
and Practice by Mr. Timothy L. Thomas , Foreign
Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS.
Are
We Our Own Worst Enemy? Safeguarding Information
Operations, CIA Studies in Intelligence Magazine,
Summer 2000, No. 9
Information
Operations: An Act of War? Maj David J. DiCenso,
USAF, Reserves, Air & Space
Power Chronicles,
July 2000
Information
Warfare Planning for the Whens- Not ifs- of Cyberattacks
This article was published in the Northrop Grumman
Review Issue One, July 2000 (article courtesy of
Northrop Grumman)
Military
Critical Technologies - Section 10 Information Technology [589K]
published by the US Department of Defense
- Defense
Threat Reduction Agency [May 2000]
Cyber
Attack Response: The Military in a Support Role
by Col(S) Nonie C. Cabana, Air & Space
Power Chronicles,
April
2000
Don’t
Techno for an Answer - The False Promise of Information
Warfare by Brent
Stuart Goodwin,
NWCR Spring 2000
The
Impact of New Technologies in the Military Arena:
Information Warfare by
Captain Paulo Fernando Viegas Nunes, Portuguese
Army, Air & Space Power Chronicles - Chronicles
Articles, March 2001
The
Worldwide Threat in 2000 - Statement by
the Director of the CIA, George Tenet Before
the Senate
Committee on Armed Services, 3 February 2000
History
and Evolution of IO, [5.4MB]
Prepared by the Joint IO Center, January 2000
A
light-hearted Look at Information Warfare by Anton
Coetzee
What
is Information Warfare? Col
Andrew Borden, USAF (Ret.), Air & Space
Power Chronicles, November 1999
DSA
IS Brief 12-99: Information Superiority and Network
Centric Warfare by Dr.
David S. Alberts, also available as PowerPoint Version
[5 MB]: DSA IS PowerPoint
Brief 12-99
Information
Warfare and International Security NATO
Parliamentary Assembly Report as285stc(99)8e by
the Science and Technology Committee, 6 October
1999
CNE and
CNA in the Network Centric Battlespace - Challenges
for Operators and Lawyers, Welcoming
Address by VADM A. K. Cebrowski, USN,
Naval War College Symposium Computer Network "Attack" and
International Law,
22 June 1999
The
Implications of Virtual Deception by Lt
York W. Pasanen, Air & Space Power
Chronicles, April 1999
Information
Warfare The new battlespace is forcing system
administrators to install layers of defense at the
microchip level and for Sailors to become cyber
warriors. by Lt. Cmdr. Irene M. Smith (published
in March/April 1999 Surface Warfare Magazine Vol.
24, No. 2
Physical
Attack Information Operations in Bosnia: Counterinformation
in a Peace Enforcement Environment by
Arthur N. Tulak, MAJ, USA Military
Analyst, Center
for Army Lessons Learned, Air & Space
Power Chronicles, March 1999
Unrestricted
Warfare by
Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui (Beijing: PLA Literature
and Arts Publishing House, February 1999)
Moltke
as a Model for Information Warfare - Daniel
P. Gallagher, NDU Class of 1998, Course 5602 - Fundamentals
of Military Thought and Strategy, Seminar A
Information
Warfare: Same wine, different bottle? by
Lt Kurt Konopatzke, USAF, Air & Space Power
Chronicles, 1995-98
Information
Warfare: New Roles for Information Systems in Military
Operations by Captain George A. Crawford,
Air & Space
Power Chronicles, 1995-98
Achieving
Information Superiority by
Patricia
M. Barwinczak,
Military Review Volume LXXVIII - September - November
1998
Information
System Components of Information Operations
by
Major
Arthur N. Tulak, US Army, and Major James E. Hutton,
US Army
,Military Review Volume LXXVIII - September - November
1998
Information
Warfare: Task Force XXI or Task Force
Smith? by
Major Curtis A. Carver Jr., US Army
Military Review Volume LXXVIII - September - November
1998
Defensive
Information Operations - A J6 Perspective Defensive
Information Strategy at United States Central Command,
CHIPS October 1998 (the Department of the Navy Information
Technology Magazine)
Information
Operations, Deterrence, and the Use of Force
by Roger W. Barnett, NWC
Review, Spring 1998
Conflict
and the Computer: Information Warfare and Related
Ethical Issues Published and Presented by Sam
Nitzberg at Ethicomp '98 Fourth International Conference
on Ethical Issues of Information Technology, March,
1998, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Radio
Frequency Weapons and Proliferation: Potential Impact
on the Economy Hearing before
the Joint Economic Committee, February
25, 1998
Information
Warfare: OPFOR Doctrine: News From The Front! (Sep
- Oct 1997),
by MAJ Erin J. Gallogly-Staver, Threat Support Directorate
and MAJ Raymond S. Hilliard, Battle Command Training
Program ( This article was previously published
in the Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin
(MIPB)).
Information
Warfare and the Millennium Bomb NATO
Parliamentary Assembly Draft General
Report by the Science
and
Technology Committee, 1 September 1997
IO
Documents, Deputy Chief of Staff for Combat
Developments, 1997
US
JP 3-54: Joint Doctrine for Operations Security
[394K] published in January 1997
Cornerstones of Information Warfare USAF paper
on information warfare and its relation to air power
Information
Warfare and Deterrence written
by Gary F. Wheatley and Richard E. Hayes, NDU Press
Book, December 1996
Report
of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Information
Warfare - Defense (IW-D) published in November
1996
Deterring
Information Warfare: A New Strategic Challenge by Timothy L. Thomas From
Parameters, Winter 1996-97, pp. 81-91
Information
Operations: A
New War-Fighting Capability
-
A
Research Paper Presented To Air Force 2025 by
LTC William B. Osborne (USA), Maj Scott A. Bethel,
Maj Nolen R. Chew, Maj Philip M. Nostrand and Maj
YuLin G. Whitehead, August 1996
Information
Operations: Wisdom Warfare For 2025 - A Research
Paper Presented To Air Force 2025 by Lt Col Edward
F. Murphy, Maj Gary C. Bender, Maj Larry J. Schaefer,
Maj Michael M. Shepard and Maj Charles W. Williamson
III, April 1996
Information
Warfare and the Canadian Forces published in
May 1996 (courtesy of the Canadian National Defense
Headquarters)
Information
Operations: Wisdom Warfare For
2025
- A
Research Paper Presented To Air Force 2025 by Lt
Col Edward F. Murphy, Maj Gary C. Bender, Maj Larry
J. Schaefer, Maj Michael M. Shepard and Maj Charles
W. Williamson III, April 1996
Some
Cautionary Thoughts on Information Warfare by
R. L. DiNardo and Daniel J. Hughes, published in
Airpower Journal Winter 1995
A Theory
of Information Warfare by Col Richard Szafranski,
published in Airpower Journal - Spring 1995
Information
Warfare by Prof George J. Stein, AWC, published
in Airpower Journal - Spring 1995
Weapons
of Mass Protection, Nonlethality, Information Warfare,
and Airpower in the Age of Chaos by Chris Morris,
Janet Morris and Thomas Baines, published in Airpower
Journal - Spring 1995
Information
Operations: The Fifth Dimension of Warfare Remarks
as delivered by Gen. Ronald R. Fogleman, Air Force
chief of staff, to the Armed Forces Communications-Electronics
Association, Washington, April 25, 1995
Desert
Storm: The First Information War? by Col Edward
Mann, USAF, published in Aerospace Power Journal
- Winter 1994
Information
Warfare: Principles of Third Wave War by Col
Owen E. Jenson, published in Aerospace Power Journal
- Winter 1994
US
Air Force Student Research Papers on Information
Warfare and InfoSec (Air
University at Maxwell
Air Base)
2002 Research Papers
Plays
Well with Others: Enhancing DoD’s Role in
Protecting the National Information Infrastructure
by Durall, William
Public
Diplomacy—Capturing the Information Terrain
on the Way to Victory by Linda R. Urrutia-Varhall,
Lt Col, USAF
2001
Research Papers
A
Process for Vectoring Offensive Information Warfare
as a Primary Weapon Option within the United States
Air Force by Sheila G. Bennett Captain, USAF
Active
Computer Network Defense: An Assessment by Eric
J. Holdaway, Major, USAF
Air
Force Information Operations (IO) Doctrine: Consistent
with Joint IO Doctrine? by Robert E. Blackington,
Major, USAF
Information
War Crimes: Mitnick meets Milosevic by Darwyn
Banks
Malicious
Hackers: A Framework for Analysis and Case Study,
Laura J. Kleen, Captain, USAF, AFIT/GOR/ENS/01M-09
Meeting
The Joint Vision 2020 Challenge: Organizing For
Information Operations by John D. Bansemer,
Major, USAF
Modeling
Information Assurance by Joseph Edward Beauregard,
2nd Lieutenant, USAF
The
Spectrum Of Cyber Conflict From Hacking To Information
Warfare: What Is Law Enforcement's Role? by
Bonnie Adkins
2000 Research
Papers
Air
War Over Serbia: It Is Important To Win The Information
War
The
Art of Balancing Information Security and Information
Sharing
Future
Information Operations (Io) In The Military: Is
It Time For An Io Cinc?
Information
System Incidents: The Development of a Damage Assessment
Modeling
Information Assurance: A Value Focused Thinking
Approach
Operationalizing
Information Operations
Steganographic
Computer Warfare
Towards
a Game Theory Model Of Information Warfare
Viral
Computer Warfare via Activation Engine Employing
Steganography
1999 Research
Papers
China
as Peer Competitor?
Ignoring the Riptide of Information Operations
Informations
Operations: Moving from doctrine to execution
Organizing Joint Forces for Information Operations:
The Viability of a Joint Force Information Operations
Component Commander
Vital
Interests, Virtual Threats: Reconciling International
Law with Information Warfare and United States Security
1998 Research
Papers
Information
Operations: America's Plan for Strategic Failure
1997 Research
Papers
An
Analysis of Unclassified Current and Pending Air
Force Information Warfare and Information Operations
Doctrine and Policy
Information
As A Weapon Reality Versus Promises
International Law: How it Affects Rules of Engagement
and Responses in Information Warfare?
The
One with the Most Information Wins? The Quest for
Information Superiority
Operation
Integration of Information Warfare
1996 Research
Papers
Information
Operations: A New War-Fighting Capability
Information
Operations: Wisdom Warfare for 2025
The
Need For USAF Information Warfare (IW) Strategy
For Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW)
1995 Research
Papers
Information
Warfare: Impact And Concerns
German
IO Articles
Krieg
als Information von Dr. Goedart Palm
Der
Kosovo-Krieg im Cyberspace
- Cracker, Infowar und Medienkrieg
von Ralf Bendrath
Postmoderne
Kriegsdiskurse von
Ralf Bendrath
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Information
Operations Links
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For
more links visit our new link directory
US Military
U.S.
Air Force Information Warfare
Center 'is
a collocated unit of the
Air Intelligence Agency,
Kelly
Air Force Base, Texas.
The Center is engaged in
a myriad of activities supporting
its
role as the Air Force Information
Warfare
executive agent. AFIWC's
mission is to develop, maintain
and
deploy information warfare/command
and
control warfare capabilities
in support of
operations, campaign planning,
acquisition and testing.'
U.S.
Army - Land Information Warfare Activity (LIWA). Location:
Fort Belvoir, VA. The
LIWA provides Information Warfare and Command and Control
Warfare support to land component and separate
Army commands, both active and reserve, to facilitate
planning and execution of Information Operations.
The LIWA consists of four directorates: Plans/Operations
Support, Intelligence/Analysis Support, Information
Support, and System Threat Assessment. The ARAT-TA
constitutes the System Threat Assessment Directorate
and the Chief, ARAT-TA, reports directly to the LIWA
Director.
U.S.
Navy Fleet Information Warfare Center 'Our
mission is to provide continuously improving IW support,
which encompasses and integrates all IW disciplines,
to deploying and operating Naval forces worldwide
as tasked by CINCLANTFLT, CINCPACFLT, CINCUSNAVEUR,
and COMUSNAVCENT.'
U.S. Navy - Naval Information Warfare Activity (NIWA).
The Naval Information Warfare Activity (NIWA) at Ft Meade
is the Navy's principal technical agent to research,
assess, develop and prototype Information Warfare (IW)
capabilities. This recently created activity supports
the development capabilities encompassing all aspects
of IW attack, protect and exploit. A key focus of efforts
in this line is providing tactical commanders with an
IW Mission Planning, Analysis, and Command and Control
Targeting System (IMPACTS) tool. An aggressive program
is maintained to acquire and analyze state-of-the-art
technologies (software and hardware), evaluate fleet
applicability and prototype developmental capabilities.
NIWA is the Navy's interface with other Service and National
IW organizations, working closely with the Fleet Information
Warfare Center (FIWC) to develop of IW technical capabilities
for Navy and Joint Operations.
Defense
Threat Reduction Agency Military Critical
Technologies (MCT) is a US military connected
service whose purpose is to document major
problems of military technologies.
Information
Warfare Academic Group at the Naval
Postgraduate School
Information
Warfare Applications Course 'USAF IWAC
Educates students in the fundamentals of
Air Force information Operations doctrine
and provides students insight into how
the doctrine may be applied across the
spectrum from peace to war.'
Joint
Command, Control, and Information Warfare
School 'JCIWS is designed to prepare
students for joint duty in the C4I and
Information Warfare communities. The school
is composed of a C4I and an IW division,
offering variety of educational opportunities
to the joint community.'
School
of Information Warfare and Strategy NDU 'The
School of Information Warfare and Strategy
(IWS) provides a senior-level course of
study in the information component of national
power. The academic program focuses on
the use of information in the planning
and execution of national strategy, military
strategy and joint operations.'
Peterson
Air Force Base Colorado Springs the
home of NORAD and US Space Command
Others
TNO
Physics and Electronics Laboratory
in The Hague resources
dedicated to Information Operations
Infowar.com Winn
Schwartau's site devoted to Infowar.
Great Resource.
Infoguerre.com A
French website which mainly
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